von Denise Sommer, Dipl.-Sportwissenschaftlerin
Spricht man von der Halswirbelsäule (HWS) beim Menschen und anderen Wirbeltieren ist der obere Abschnitt der Wirbelsäule zwischen dem Kopf und der Brustwirbelsäule gemeint. In der Regel besteht dieser Bereich aus 7 Halswirbeln und ist der beweglichste Teil der Wirbelsäule.
Beim Menschen liegt direkt unter dem großen Hinterhauptloch (Foramen magnum) des Schädels der erste Halswirbel, auch Atlas genannt. Dieser trägt den Schädel und umschließt dabei den Zahn des zweiten Halswirbels – Axis.
Aufgrund ihrer besonderen Lage und Beanspruchung besitzen der Atlas und auch der Axis eine spezialisierte Form. Sie bilden zusammen eine funktionelle Einheit und unterscheiden sich dadurch deutlich zu den anderen Wirbelkörpern.
Die Gelenke zwischen der Schädelbasis und Axis ergeben zusammen das Kopfgelenk.
Danach folgen fünf weitere Halswirbel. Diese haben die übliche Form eines Wirbels mit Wirbelkörper, dem das Rückenmark umfassenden Wirbelbogen und den Wirbelgelenken.
Eine Besonderheit bietet sich wieder bei dem 7. Halswirbel der menschlichen Wirbelsäule. Bei ihm steht der Dornfortsatz etwas weiter nach hinten vor als der der anderen Halswirbel. Dadurch ist er gut tastbar und dient als anatomische Orientierungspunkt.
Gleichermaßen befinden sich, wie auch bei der restlichen Wirbelsäule, zwischen den einzelnen Wirbelkörpern die Zwischenwirbelscheiben auch Bandscheiben genannt – eine flexible und faserknorpelige Verbindung. Die Halswirbelsäule wird außerdem durch verschiedene Hals- und Rückenmuskeln sowie durch mehrere Bänder gestützt.
Bei einem gesunden Menschen weist die Halswirbelsäule einen Bogen nach vorne auf, was man auch als physiologische Lordose bezeichnet.
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